This textbook is designed to help learners improve their grades. Many speakers of English have acquired an advanced level interlanguage that is adequate for most informal uses of the language. However, their GRAMMAR, SENTENCE STRUCTURES, AND TASK REQUIREMENTS have errors and holes. The errors have often become “fossilized,” and it Takes a special effort to unlearn these problems. The holes show up when the learner is asked to perform in a context other than informal social interactional discourse; for example, when a student is asked to write in a formal or academic style (Composition or Directed Writing Task).